Kolar JC (2011) An epidemiological study of nonsyndromal craniosynostoses. Kolar JC, Salter EM, Weinberg SM (2010) Preoperative craniofacial dysmorphology in isolated sagittal synostosis: a comprehensive anthropometric evaluation. Kolar JC (1993) Methods in anthropometric studies. Cleft Palate J 22(4):266–274, Epub 1įarkas LG (ed) (1994) Anthropometry of the head and face.

Kolar JC, Farkas LG, Munro IR (1985) Surface morphology in Treacher Collins syndrome: an anthropometric study. Cleft Palate J 14(3):193–199, Epub 1įarkas LG, Kolar JC, Munro IR (1985) Craniofacial disproportions in Apert's syndrome: an anthropometric study. Med Eng Phys 24(10):683–689, Epub 4įarkas LG, James JS (1977) Anthropometry of the face in lateral facial dysplasia: the unilateral form. Meintjes EM, Douglas TS, Martinez F, Vaughan CL, Adams LP, Stekhoven A et al (2002) A stereo-photogrammetric method to measure the facial dysmorphology of children in the diagnosis of fetal alcohol syndrome. Proper patient positioning is essential for high-quality imaging. Three-hundred-and-sixty degree surface-contour mapping of the craniofacial region within milliseconds is particularly useful in paediatric patients. The precision and accuracy of this five-pod 3D photosystem suggests its suitability for clinical applications, particularly anthropometric studies.

Inter-observer analysis of all 1,326 distances showed no difference ( p = 0.99 maximal difference, 0.58 mm) in the digital measurements. The mean diversity of both measurement modalities after cut-off was 1.33 mm (maximum, 6.70 mm). No differences ( p = 0.94) between the two groups were found using a cut-off of 10 % (leaving n = 369 distances) due to considerable errors in direct measurements and the necessary manual data translation. The mean aberration between both modalities covering all data was 7.96 mm. In the entire calliper measurement data set ( n = 410), a significant difference ( p = 0.02) between the directly measured and corresponding virtually calculated distances was found. The experimental set-up accounted for clinical circumstances by varying the positioning (vertical, horizontal, sagittal) of the phantom. Distances between the landmarks were measured manually using a conventional calliper and compared with the digitally calculated distances acquired from labelling by two independent observers.

MethodsĪ mannequin head was labelled with 52 landmarks, and 28 three-dimensional images were taken using a commercially available five-pod 3D photosystem (3D VECTRA Canfield, Fairfield, NJ) in different head positions. Before standard implementation, accurate determination of the precision and accuracy of each system is mandatory. The use of three-dimensional (3D) photography for anthropometric measurements is of increasing interest, especially in the cranio-maxillofacial field.

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